"one of the most bizarre & still unexplained global pandemics of all time"
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"This Disease Turned 5 Million People Into Statues, And Then Vanished"
"...A mysterious disease swept the world in the early 1920s that put people into catatonic states; stiff and immovable like human statues. It was called encephalitis lethargica and it affected over 5 million people worldwide, and then was almost forgotten..."
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cometography.com/pcomets/014p.html "G A R Y W. K R O N K ' S C O M E T O G R A P H Y
14P/Wolf
Past, Present, and Future Orbits by Kazuo Kinoshita
Akimasa Nakamura image of 14P exposed on 2000 August 4
Copyright © 2000 by Akimasa Nakamura
This image was obtained on 2000 August 04.65 UT, using a 60cm F6 reflector and a CCD camera. The comet was then about three and a half months from perihelion and was stellar in appearance.
Discovery
Max Wolf (Heidelberg, Germany) discovered this comet on 1884 September 17. It was then moving slowly through Cygnus and was described as between magnitude 9 and 10, with a coma diameter of about 2.5 arc minutes. Beginning on September 21, observers were reporting the brightness as close to magnitude 7, indicating Wolf's initial estimate represented the comet's central condensation.
Ralph Copeland (Dun Echt Observatory, Aberdeen, Scotland) independently discovered this comet on September 23.00 UT, while he was in the course of sweeping the sky for "remarkable spectra." Using a 6.06-inch Simms refractor, with an object-glass prism, he was mainly looking in the Milky Way and had found some nebula and interesting stars, when comet Wolf's interesting spectra showed up. Another 12 hours would pass before news of Wolf's discovery would reach Dun Echt Observatory.
Historical Highlights
The comet was discovered when only a few days from its closest approach to Earth (0.80 AU on 1884 October 2), but still two months from perihelion. The result was that the comet faded very slowly during October and into November as it steadily moved away from Earth. The coma diameter was reported as 2 arc minutes across in October and 4 arc minutes across in November. Following its November 18 perihelion, fading became more rapid. It was described as much fainter as January began, and was last seen on 1885 April 7.
The comet was soon recognized as a short-period comet. The orbital period was determined as 6.77 years and the perihelion distance was 1.57 AU. A prediction by Thraen enabled R. Spitaler (Vienna, Austria) to recover the comet at its next return in 1891.
Modern calculations reveal the comet was moved into its discovery orbit following an approach to within 0.116 AU from Jupiter on 1875 June 9. Prior to this encounter the comet was moving in an orbit with a perihelion distance of 2.74 AU and an orbital period of 8.84 years.
The comet's brightest apparition was that of 1884, when it reached magnitude 7. That of 1891 was next, when the magnitude reached 8. The comet was more poorly situated in 1898 and was missed entirely in 1905. The maximum magnitude reached 12.0 at the 1912 return and 10.5 at the 1918 return. Then on 1922 September 27, the comet passed 0.125 AU from Jupiter, which resulted in an increase of the perihelion distance to 2.43 AU and the orbital period to 8.28 years. Although the comet reached magnitude 14.5 during the 1925 apparition, it has never become brighter than 17 since.
The comet returns to perihelion on 2000 November 21. It is not expected to become brighter than magnitude 18. Apparitions in the future will be more difficult to observe because the comet will approach Jupiter to within 0.541 AU on 2005 August 13. The new orbit will be similar to the comet's orbit prior to the Jupiter encounter of 1875, with a perihelion distance of 2.72 AU and an orbital period of 8.74 years. The comet will remain in this orbit during the apparitions of 2009, 2017, 2026, and 2035. Another close approach to Jupiter on 2041 March 10 (0.601 AU) will change the orbit back to parameters that existed during the period of 1925 to 2000..."
"cometography.com"
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-no, they are not following this comet through any 'orbit', they travel against solarwinds, what charges the ion-tail, each different date is a different comet, shrapnel from explosions, astrophysics is in dire need of a big rethink!..
-these dates are closer-
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ssdp.cbk.waw.pl/LPCs/Catalogue_1900_partI/1916g1.html "Comet C/1916 G1 was discovered on 4 April 1916, about 14.5 months before its perihelion passage, and was last seen on 29 January 1918 [Kronk, Cometography: Volume 3].
This comet made its closest approach to the Earth on 21 August 1917 (0.988 au), that is about two months after its perihelion passage.
Solution given below is based on data span over 1.81 yr in a range of heliocentric distances from 5.16 au through perihelion (1.69 au) to 3.25 au.
Comet suffered moderate planetary perturbations during its passage through the planetary system that led to a more tight future orbit with semimajor axis of about 1300 au (see future barycentric orbits given below for both solutions: pure gravitational and non-gravitational).
Pure gravitational orbit determined from all available positional measurements (469 observations) give 1a-class orbit, orbit given in Minor Planet Center is 2A class (186 obs. used, almost the same arc of data; see MPC).
It was possible to determine the non-gravitational orbit for C/1916 G1, the RMS for NG orbit decreases from 1.97 arcsec (pure gravitational orbit) to 1.84 arcsec (see below).
More details in Królikowska et al. 2014
Figure caption: Time distribution of positional observations with corresponding heliocentric (red curve) and geocentric (green curve) distance at which they were taken. The horizontal dotted line shows the perihelion distance for a given comet whereas vertical dotted line — the moment of perihelion passage.
Non–gravitational orbit — see below SSDP Cometary Note C1916G1N5-001
SSDP Cometary Note C1916G1A6-001
Comet C/1916 G1 Wolf
number of observations 471
number of residuals 823
data interval 1916 Apr. 7 — 1918 Nov. 1
rms [arcsec] 1.97
orbit quality class 1a
Osculating orbital elements (heliocentric; ecliptic J2000.0)
Epoch (TT) 19170621.0 = JD 2421400.5
time of perihelion passage (TT) 19170617.074175 ± 0.000244
perihelion distance 1.68644587 ± 0.00000103
eccentricity 0.99937443 ± 0.00000541
argument of perihelion [deg] 120.621838 ± 0.000141
longitude of the ascending node [deg] 184.457271 ± 0.000054
inclination [deg] 25.659093 ± 0.000045
inverse semimajor axis [10-6 au-1] 370.94 ± 3.21
Note: Epoch is given in a format: yyyymmdd.d, time of perihelion passage in a format of yyyymmdd.dddddd.
data set of C/1916 G1
Figure caption: Six 2D-projections of the 6D space of original swarm (5001 VCs) of C/1916 G1. Each density map is given in logarithmic scale presented on the right in the individual panel.
The same figure in the new window
Original orbital elements (barycentric; at 250 au from the Sun)
Epoch (TT) 16170921
time of perihelion passage (TT) 19170617.357661 ± 0.000249
perihelion distance 1.69219889 ± 0.00000105
eccentricity 0.99994022 ± 0.00000541
argument of perihelion [deg] 120.502725 ± 0.000140
longitude of the ascending node [deg] 184.485105 ± 0.000054
inclination [deg] 25.605811 ± 0.000045
inverse semimajor axis [10-6 au-1] 35.33 ± 3.20
Note: Values of uncertainties of original/future orbital elements were derived using a swarm of 5001 osculating orbits of VCs (including the nominal osculating orbit given above) for original/future orbital evolution calclulations and then by fitting the distribution of a given orbital element of original/future swarm of VCs to Gaussian distribution.
Original barycentric positions and velocities of 5001 VCs at 250 au from the Sun are given here (data format), i.e. before entering the planetary zone.
data set of C/1916 G1
Figure caption: Six 2D-projections of the 6D space of future swarm (5001 VCs) of C/1916 G1. Each density map is given in logarithmic scale presented on the right in the individual panel.
The same figure in the new window
Future orbital elements (barycentric; at 250 au from the Sun)
Epoch (TT) 22260313
time of perihelion passage (TT) 19170618.004132 ± 0.000249
perihelion distance 1.68486080 ± 0.00000104
eccentricity 0.99868344 ± 0.00000539
argument of perihelion [deg] 120.734220 ± 0.000142
longitude of the ascending node [deg] 184.255647 ± 0.000054
inclination [deg] 25.636610 ± 0.000045
inverse semimajor axis [10-6 au-1] 781.41 ± 3.20
Future barycentric positions and velocities of 5001 VCs at 250 au from the Sun are given here (data format), i.e. after leaving the planetary zone.
Non–gravitational orbit
SSDP Cometary Note C1916G1N5-001
number of observations 471
number of residuals 817
data interval 1916 Apr. 7 — 1918 Nov. 1
rms [arcsec] 1.84
orbit quality class 1b
Osculating orbital elements (heliocentric; ecliptic J2000.0)
Epoch (TT) 19170621.0 = JD 2421400.5
time of perihelion passage (TT) 19170617.074377 ± 0.000274
perihelion distance 1.68642132 ± 0.00000382
eccentricity 0.99932117 ± 0.00000954
argument of perihelion [deg] 120.621627 ± 0.000182
longitude of the ascending node [deg] 184.457166 ± 0.000054
inclination [deg] 25.658821 ± 0.000063
inverse semimajor axis [10-6 au-1] 402.53 ± 5.66
Nongravitational parameters [10-8 au/day2] A1 = 2.502 ± 0.442 A2 = 0.708 ± 0.363 A3 = -0.2692 ± 0.0699
Note: Epoch is given in a format: yyyymmdd.d, time of perihelion passage in a format of yyyymmdd.dddddd.
data set of C/1916 G1
Figure caption: Six 2D-projections of the 6D space of original swarm (5001 VCs) of C/1916 G1. Each density map is given in logarithmic scale presented on the right in the individual panel.
The same figure in the new window
Original orbital elements (barycentric; at 250 au from the Sun)
Epoch (TT) 16170414
time of perihelion passage (TT) 19170617.362353 ± 0.001103
perihelion distance 1.69214922 ± 0.00000924
eccentricity 0.99988224 ± 0.00001603
argument of perihelion [deg] 120.505372 ± 0.000640
longitude of the ascending node [deg] 184.485407 ± 0.000122
inclination [deg] 25.605536 ± 0.000064
inverse semimajor axis [10-6 au-1] 69.59 ± 9.48
Note: Values of uncertainties of original/future orbital elements were derived using a swarm of 5001 osculating orbits of VCs (including the nominal osculating orbit given above) for original/future orbital evolution calclulations and then by fitting the distribution of a given orbital element of original/future swarm of VCs to Gaussian distribution.
Original barycentric positions and velocities of 5001 VCs at 250 au from the Sun are given here (data format), i.e. before entering the planetary zone.
data set of C/1916 G1
Figure caption: Six 2D-projections of the 6D space of future swarm (5001 VCs) of C/1916 G1. Each density map is given in logarithmic scale presented on the right in the individual panel.
The same figure in the new window
Future orbital elements (barycentric; at 250 au from the Sun)
Epoch (TT) 22260313
time of perihelion passage (TT) 19170618.002781 ± 0.000285
perihelion distance 1.68482103 ± 0.00000571
eccentricity 0.99867953 ± 0.00001482
argument of perihelion [deg] 120.732445 ± 0.000275
longitude of the ascending node [deg] 184.255375 ± 0.000066
inclination [deg] 25.636480 ± 0.000079
inverse semimajor axis [10-6 au-1] 783.75 ± 8.79
Future barycentric positions and velocities of 5001 VCs at 250 au from the Sun are given here (data format), i.e. after leaving the planetary zone..." ~
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groups.google.com/g/partiview/c/xdj1ctIpJEQ "Cometary motion and absurdities of modern physics
Sep 5, 2011, 10:45:20 AM
to partiview
Cometary motion and absurdities of modern
physics
As far the material about electromagnetic waves and photons is not
finished, I want to unearth an old field of astronomy, more precisely
cometary motion. Mainstream science accept as valid a classical theory
of gravitation, completed later with a sophisticated mathematical one,
more precisely general relativity. The later is able to explain some
small deficiencies for the former one, like Mercury perihelion
advance...
For actual astronomers cometary motion is already a closed field and
it seems all is clear and shining. But if someone is looking in old
books of astronomy and thinks a little bit of what was already
written, I am sure he/she will change his mind.
About two centuries in the past, some astronomers measured the
acceleration of gaseous nodosities in cometary tail and they concluded
these accelerations are a multiple of 22,4. For some comets, these
measurements were done before someone knew the significance of this
number; more precisely represents the volume of a mol of gas.
As far no theory was ever able to explain this correlation between gas
acceleration and molar volume, modern reference astronomy books have
been avoided to remind the subject, at least.
Around 1993, I finished a new theory of gravitation able to describe
the movement celestial bodies inside Solar system and, of course,
there is a special attention granted to cometary motion.
At this link (in English, because was posted in 2007!) there are some
comets cases and an explanation for this phenomenon...
www.elkadot.com/en/gravitation.htmlThe accepted explanation for the cometary motion can be disproved by
simple facts known due to the manmade Earth satellite movements. So,
in case of comets it is possible to have a fragmentation of comet in
few parts, every part having mass of ktones or even greater, and solar
wind is able to push differently these fragments and finally they are
entering on different orbits around Sun. In opposition, for manmade
satellite, the same solar wind is not able to change their orbits in a
radical way even their masses is on the order of few hundreds
kilograms and not thousands of tons. Of course, manmade satellites
orbits are suffering small corrections from time to time due to the
friction with upper atmosphere or even interaction with solar wind.
Further, looking a little bit into detail, no consistent explanation
was offered for the formation of anomalous tails of comets directed
toward Sun. After some theories, these are only an optical effect due
to the observer position...
No credible explanation was ever formulated by mainstream science for
the wideness of meteoric currents.
No relativistic theory ever dared to adventure to describe such
motions. Maybe now with some tensorial formula or with some
relativistic acrobatics theoreticians will try to fix this problem?
In the new working book related to Astronomy and astrophysics the
subject will be treated with more practical approach..."
"Best regards,
Sorin Cosofret"
